Regulatory Risks Essay

Risks are inherent to all business organizations. Risk management often considers several areas of practice and is an absolute necessity, not merely an option. The author will discuss regulatory risks for organizations, and explain how they can be identified and managed. Risk management requires considering and weighing risks and implementing procedures to monitor and moderate them. Risk Identification Overview Legislative and executive branches of the United States government have enacted laws that regulate all businesses.  Thousands of administrative agencies are authorized by Congress to administer and enforce statutes by regulating businesses. Administrative agencies are typically given executive power to investigate and prosecute potential infringement of statutes, administrative rules, and administrative orders (Cheeseman, 2010). Intentional Torts, Negligence, and Liability While no organization’s risks are identical to another’s, several can be identified and applied to organizations in general. There are three categories of â€Å"wrong:† intentional torts, unintentional torts, and strict liability. Intentional tort. This category of â€Å"wrong† requires that intent was present when harm was caused. Examples of intentional torts are assault, battery, and false imprisonment. The law safeguards individuals from uninvited touching, restraint, and any other contact (Cheeseman, 2010). Unintentional tort. Negligence is the â€Å"omission to do something which is a reasonable man would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do† (Cheeseman, 2010, p. 80). For a legitimate negligence lawsuit, several elements of negligence must be present: duty of care, reached duty, injury, act was the actual cause of injuries, and the negligent act was the legal cause of the injuries. Strict liability. Even if an individual was not negligent and had no intent, he can still be held legally liable for injuries caused by certain activities. Strict liability imposes legal responsibility for injuries sustained in the following: product liability, ultra-hazardous activities, animal care, and some statutory offenses (Butera, Beausang, Cohen, & Brennan, 2011). Disclosure of Agency Actions To prevent public perception of secrecy, Congress has allowed statutes to promote public disclosure of federal administrative agency actions, while at the same time protecting companies from overly public administrative agency actions. These statutes are the Freedom of Information Act, the Government in the Sunshine Act, the Equal Access to Justice Act, and the Privacy Act. Freedom of information act. This federal law allocates for full or limited disclosure of formerly unreleased information and documents. This law guarantee public access to government records and holds a presumption of disclosure. However, there are nine exemptions of the act. Government in the sunshine act. This law allows closed or partially closed advisory committee meetings. Closed or partially closed to the public are discussions of classified information, reviews of proprietary data, and deliberations that consider personnel privacy. Equal Access to Justice Act. A party who is subject to an action of an unjustified administrative agency can sue to recover attorney’s costs and other fees (Cornell University Law School, n. d. ). Privacy Act.  This act safe-keep records that ca be recovered from a system of records by personal identifiers like name or social security number. An individual can have access to his records and request correction if they are incomplete or inaccurate (Social Security Administration, 2011). Risk Management The Industrial Revolution caused substantial environmental pollution of solid and toxic wastes into the land and water. Companies such as Alumina, Inc. , were not efficient in voluntary pollution control, so the government took on its regulation and control (Cheeseman, 2010). Awareness of and compliance to these regulatory statutes may be the best risk management strategy available to companies who are at potential risk. Risk assessment and compliance are managed in together with one another. Compliance management includes three interrelated perspectives: preventive, detective, and corrective procedures. 80% of organizations report improvements from expanding their compliance regimens (BPM Forum, 2006). Preventive The easiest, most fiscally sound, fastest way to solve a problem is to prevent the problem in the first place. The best risk preventive practice for agencies such as Alumina, Inc is regulatory compliance. The government places a high level of importance on the preservation of the environment and has stringent means of enforcing compliance to environmental regulation. The best approach for achieving compliance, thus minimizing regulatory risk, is to have a preventative focus. Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 as a rule-making agency to hold hearings, make decisions, and order remedies for violations of environmental laws. Air and water quality standards are established that regulate pollution rates. If companies were compliant with enacted statutes at all times of business operations, such measures would prevent regulatory risks. Although Section 5 of the FTC Act prohibits unfair and deceptive practices, some companies are in violation. Part of preventive risk management, companies must avoid misleading or omitting information. Unsubstantiated claims and bait and switch tactics must be avoided as a preventive measure. Insurance, which is governed by the law of contracts, is designed for businesses to protect themselves against risk of loss. The law requires some companies to carry a minimum of $1 million of liability insurance, which will cover negligence, wrongful acts, and misconduct by the company (Cheeseman, 2010). Liability insurance will guarantee injured third parties compensation. This measure is both preventive and corrective. Detective Compliance evaluation inspections and audits will not serve as a preventive measure; however serve to detect possible risks and is an â€Å"after-the-fact† approach. Compliance is defined as ensuring business procedures, operations, and practices are in concord with a given set of norms (Sadiq & Governatori, 2010). Detective measures are based on reporting and conducting internal and external audits. Changing legislatures and compliance requirements make it difficult to detect. â€Å"The diversity, scale and complexity of compliance requirements warrant a highly systematic and well-grounded approach,† (Lu, Sadiq, & Governatori, 2008, p. 345). Corrective Measures Organizations can raise several defenses as corrective measures against liability. While maintaining public image and damage control, defenses must be ethical in resolving potentially damaging lawsuits. Alternative Dispute Resolution. Negotiation is a simple form of alternative dispute resolution, and includes only the parties involved in the dispute. Negotiation is resolved when the parties reach a voluntary resolution. Mediation is another popular form of alternative dispute resolution. It is available through individuals and organizations like the American Arbitration Association and some court systems. Alternative dispute resolution is an attractive way to resolve disputes because of its speed and the empowerment of the involved parties. Court litigation is slow, expensive, and has uncertain results. Organizations can hold back sensitive business information from public dissemination. This will protect the disclosure of information that could hurt foreign policy or national defense, privacy of individuals, proprietary interests of business, functioning of the government, and other interests (HRSA, 2011). Corrective measures vary from the initiation of a new regulation, to breech reporting, to the company coming under surveillance and scrutiny by a control authority. In the worst-case scenario, a company can undergo an enforceable undertaking (Lu, Sadiq, & Governatori, 2008). The company will position itself favorably with regulators and other controlling authorities if corrective measures are undertaken with a proactive approach. Conclusion The states as well as the federal government administer and enforce laws related to safety. Companies are required to comply with the regulations and legal procedures of regulatory agencies just as much as they are required to follow federal laws. Managers must be aware of, and comply with federal and state laws that govern their business. Aligning business objectives with regulations and legislation will minimize tort and regulatory risks and improve business performance.

Nutrition and Food

Cognitive behaviour is dysfunctional emotions and behaviours caused by damage in the brain affecting part of the brain responsible for memory and all that we learn from birth- how to talk, eat etc. This means that a person with dementia can forget how important it is to eat and drink and may need reminding. They may also lose their sense of hunger and thirst. It can become a problem and put a client’s health at risk. Functional change is losing the ability to remember how to eat using cutlery. Instead, some people find easier to pick up food by hand, so finger food should be provided.This might be a good way to avoid confusion and distress for a client. If a person finds it easier, food should be laid out for a client promoting their dignity. They may have difficulties chewing or swallowing, this can be caused by the mind forgetting how to do something, or making that task become more difficult to perform. Emotional change can be negative emotions about their confused state be cause the individual may not understand that there is something wrong, but behaviour of others may lead them to feeling something is wrong, which often causes stress to the individual with dementia.They may refuse to eat or drink altogether. Poor nutrition can make the symptoms of dementia worse and increase the risk of more frequent infections requiring use of antibiotics. Malnutrition also affects the immune system making it difficult to fight an infection. It’s more likely that as well as dementia, older people are more likely to develop other chronic illnesses and therefore will have specific nutritional needs.Dementia can be effected by other conditions that may prevent the individual from eating or drinking: Health – it is quite often for individuals with dementia to end up with Urinary Tract Infection or UTI for short, and while having a UTI the individuals may get more confused or angry causing them to not wanting to eat. Emotional – quite a few Dementia sufferers end up with depression because of the drastic changes in their life, such as being taken away from your home and your family. Routines and rituals provide important cues that it is time to eat and trigger the familiar actions involved in feeding oneself.Experts suggest a variety of ways to maintain lifelong habits and routines: Identify and respect personal, cultural, and religious food preferences, such as eating tortillas instead of bread, avoiding pork or milk products, and not liking certain kinds of vegetables. If the person has always eaten meals at specific times, continue to serve meals at those times. Serve meals in a consistent, familiar place and way whenever possible. If the family has always said a prayer of thanks before meals, continue to say the prayer.Avoid introducing unfamiliar routines, such as serving breakfast to a person who has never routinely eaten breakfast. It is important to include a variety of food and drink in a person with Dementias’ diet because they need a varied healthy diet to keep them as fit and well as possible but also because they may go off food that they used to love because their taste may change so you will need to offer them alternative foods. They may go off squash and start liking milkshake for example. They may have difficulty chewing or swallowing so they may need to be offered softer foods like scrambled egg.Regular snacks or small meals are better than set mealtimes and make food look and smell appealing. Use different tastes, colours and smells. The aroma of cooking can stimulate someone’s appetite. Help the person drink plenty of fluids throughout the day, dehydration can lead to problems such as increased constipation, confusion, and dizziness. Outcome 2: Mealtime cultures such as having strict meal times and meal sizes, certain number of courses and in certain orders such as starter, main, dessert etc may not agree with the needs of a person with dementia.Their tastes may have cha nged and may not wish to eat the meals set out for them in a particular ‘traditional order'. They may not wish to eat at the same time as everybody else or may wish to eat small amounts more often. By trying to stick to normal meal time cultures, this can be a barrier to the nutritional needs of the individual. The care they receive should be person centred and must fit in with what the individual needs, this should also be true with the meals the person receives. Setting strict regimes could just upset the individual and could result in them refusing to eat or drink altogether.Environmental factors such as being around lots of other diners, loud noises, music or busy restaurants are not ideal for a person with Dementia as they can become easily distracted and overwhelmed by too much information being processed at once. This can be a barrier to them being able to focus on their food and can again result in them getting upset and refusing to eat or drink. Provide food the perso n likes and try not to overload the plate with too much food, small and regular portions often work best. A relaxed, friendly atmosphere with some soft music may help.Use eating and drinking as an opportunity for activity and social stimulation. It is always best to aim for the least stressful solutions. Common sense and a creative approach often help. Use colour to support the person – the colours of the food, plate and table should be different. Avoiding patterned plates is important. Treating everyone as an individual and giving them informed choices are the best person centred approaches. We must try to treat everyone as an individual and respect his or her wishes and preferences. Many people with dementia can make their own choices such as what they like to wear, what they like to eat or drink.If they are unable to make a decision, we can inform them of available choices. They may not be able to communicate or tell us anything sometimes so we need to show them the availa ble options. We may also be aware of their choices such as what do they like to eat or drink by asking the individuals family and friends. Another important thing is observation. By observing, we may make note what they like to eat and drink most or what went well at a particular meal time. We must always offer them options and choices. Clear, easy-to-understand verbal prompting may also be needed.Depending on the person’s language ability, this may mean giving very specific, step-by-step directions, or it may mean offering simple choices, such as â€Å"Do you want peaches or apples? † or â€Å"Would you like cream in your coffee? † Verbal prompts, such as â€Å"Do you think the beans have enough salt? ,† can focus the person’s attention on the food. Sensory cues, especially those involving smell, can let the person know it is time to eat. Smells can trigger the appetite, even the smell of toast can help. People with more advanced Dementia may also need physical prompting to initiate the process of eating or to continue eating.For example, the caregiver might place a finger or hand under the person’s grasped hand on the fork and guide it to the mouth. After getting help with initiating eating, the person may then take over. However, carers should not step in too soon as doing so can diminish the individuals sense of personal control and independence. A person centred approach will improve the well being of an individual with Dementia by making them still feel in control of their lives even though they may feel they are losing control and can build trust between the individual and the carers.

The Modern Pro Life A Normative Critique - 1615 Words

Truly Life? The Modern Pro Life : A Normative Critique. The United States pro-life movement is a social and political movement in the United States opposing on moral or sectarian grounds elective abortion and usually supporting its legal prohibition or restriction. Advocates generally argue that human life begins at conception and that the human fetus is a person and therefore has a right to life. The pro-life movement includes a variety of organizations, with no single centralized decision-making body. In the United States, the movement is associated with several Christian religious groups, especially the Catholic Church, and is frequently, but not exclusively, allied with the Republican Party. The movement is also supported by non-mainstream pro-life feminists. The movement seeks to reverse Roe v. Wade and to promote legislative changes or constitutional amendments, such as the Human Life Amendment, that prohibit or at least broadly restrict abortion. The description pro-life was adopted by the right-to-life movement in the United States following the Supreme Court 1973 decision Roe v. Wade, which held that a woman may terminate her pregnancy prior to the viability of the fetus outside of the womb and may also terminate her pregnancy subsequent to viability ... for the preservation of the life or health of the mother. The term pro-life was adopted instead of anti-abortion to highlight their proponents belief that abortion is the taking of a human life,Show MoreRelatedSexist vs Misanthrope1018 Words   |  5 Pagesvacancy if the candidate meets the needed qualifications. Also, Harold recognizes his misanthropy problem and he is constant with his thoughts. On the other hand, Lou Bishop is a person who has a very sociable life, who can be involved with every type of person. However, he affirms that modern women should not be able to reach a high business position; he argues that women are not capable to handle a position like that one. 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The Value Of Filial Piety - 918 Words

Culture: I applied symbolic interactionism. As one of the oldest countries in the world, China dates back to ten thousand years. With more than five thousand years of traditional culture, China has a formal set of values, beliefs, customs, language, etc., which have been passed generations. Confucianism is the most influential philosophy guiding Chinese people living in different centuries. The Confucian-based values including harmony, filial piety, and obligation help shape my personality. The value of harmony: Confucianism emphasizes the importance of building harmonious relationships with others to make the society stable (Kaplan). It means that in every relationship, people should show benevolence, righteousness, loyalty, and humility. These values profoundly influence Chinese people including my family members. Husband and wife, parents and children, and friend and friend only maintain a harmonious relationship, they could make a stable society. The value of filial piety: Chinese society is characterized by patriarchy and hierarchy. Elders make the most decisions. Confucianism advocates people to show respect and compliance for elders. Most of the Chinese people treat filial piety as the most important traditional value. It requires the younger generation to follow the elders’ words without a doubt. If a kid disputes with his/her parents, he/she shows unrespect for the parents. The value of obligation: Each personal has different social roles in different socialShow MoreRelatedFilial Piety1074 Words   |  5 PagesEssay about using ‘filial piety’ as an example, explain how cultural practices/values change Introduction and background: When it comes to filial piety, it should be a complex concept with different meaning and value in distinct period and region. Dating back to the history of filial piety, Chinese Confucian is the most representative pillar which claims: A respect for the parents and ancestors. 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The Lowering Ages of Students Who Study Abroad Essay

The Lowering Ages of Students Who Study Abroad With the development of economy of China, the tendency for students to study abroad increases every year. According to a report of the Institute of International Education, there are 229,300 Chinese students who chose to study abroad in 2010. That data means people who went to study abroad exceed 30 percentages than the previous year. (Lin 1) A statistics showed Chinese spent 10 billion CNY, which equals about 1.5 billion dollars on study abroad every year. What makes people curious is that students who study as high school students or undergraduate students occupied a huge part. This phenomenon is totally different from ten years ago. Before that time, most of students who study abroad†¦show more content†¦They get up at six a.m., study all day long and go back home at 9.p.m. Everything, which conflicts with the goal, will be regarded as wrong. Especially in the third year of senior middle school, students have no art or music class. All they do every day is doing exercise in textbook and listening to the lecture. Despite of that, a lot of students are not able to get the opportunities to be admitted by their preferred universities. They have to study one more year and take the exam again .(Rong ,Shi 114)Some of them who are not willing to study one more year, prefer study abroad and get a degree in foreign countries rather than study in ordinary universities of China. So, a lot of students choose to study abroad after their senior high school. What is more, some students who want to escape from the competitive environment even choose to enter foreign senior high school, after graduating from junior high school. (Zhu 1) This situation is a departure from the previous years, in which students study abroad for graduate degree or PhD. The competitive environment is a reasonable explanation for lowering ages of Chinese abroad students. Another reason is the improvement of economic condition of Chinese people. Because the government only provides financial aids for visiting scholars and undergraduate students who major in some certain areasï ¼Å'most of the Chinese students did not have opportunities to study abroad at young ages ten years ago. Unlike 20th century, studentsShow MoreRelatedThe Drinking Age Should Be Legal974 Words   |  4 PagesThe Drinking Age For many reasons, the drinking age has been set at twenty-one years old, but has the time come to lower the drinking age? Many argue that the drinking age needs to be lowered back to eighteen for many reasons; however, studies and statistics show that lowering the drinking age is harmful and even deadly. Some people believe that binge drinking can be solved by lowering the drinking age, but lowering the drinking age is not the solution to binge drinking. 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A simple interesting visitor, a layman or an expert. â€Å" A. Khemraz, Communication

What Is the Topic Sentence free essay sample

A topic sentence essentially tells what the rest of the paragraph is about. All sentences after it have to give more information about the sentence, prove it by offering facts about it, or describe it. For example, if the topic sentence concerns the types of endangered species that live in the ocean, then every sentence after that needs to expound on that subject. Topic sentences also need to relate back to the thesis of the essay.The thesis statement is like a odd map that will tell the reader or listener where you are going with this information or how you are treating it. Examples of Topic Sentence: There were three reasons why I did not enjoy the school trip. Firstly, the journey to our hotel was long hot and boring. Secondly, we spent all our time in museums doing boring worksheets. And thirdly, we had to go to bed really early. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Topic Sentence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Topic Sentence: There were three reasons why I did not enjoy the school trip There are many things that SSL students can do to improve their English ore quickly.They can join an after-school club which will give them the chance to practice spoken English while doing an activity that they enjoy. They can also watch films, particularly DVDs with the English subtitles turned on. Best of all, however, is to do plenty of reading for pleasure. Non-fiction in particular is an excellent way of acquiring a strong academic vocabulary Topic Sentence: There are many things that SSL students can do to improve their English more quickly.

New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage Essay Example Essay Example

New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage Essay Example Paper New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage Essay Introduction NEW GLOBAL STRATEGIES FOR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 1. High intensity domestic competition breeds international success. 2. In the diamond-shaped chart, there are key elements of it success is to be sustained: Company strategy (structure and rivalry), factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries. 3. The home base shapes a company’s capacity to innovate rapidly in technology and methods and to do so in the proper directions. 4. A global strategy supplements and solidifies the competitive advantage created at home base. 5. The most important sources of national advantage must be actively sought and exploited. 6. Caught up in a never-ending process of seeking out new advantages and struggling with rivals to protect them. 7. Stability is valued in most companies, not change. Protecting old ideas and techniques becomes the preoccupation, not creating new ones. The long-term challenge for any firm is to put itself in a position where it is most likely to perce ive, and best able to address the imperatives of competitive advantage. Expose a company to new market and technological opportunities that may be hard to perceive. Preparing for change by upgrading and expanding the skills of employees and improving the firm’s scientific and knowledge base. Overcoming complacency and inertia to act on the new opportunities and circumstances. Much attention has rightly been places on the importance of visionary leaders in achieving unusual organizational success. Great leaders are influenced by the environment in which they work. Innovation takes place because the home environment stimulates it. Innovation succeeds because the home environment supports and even forces it. New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage Essay Body Paragraphs The right environment not only shapes a leader’s own perceptions and priorities but provides the catalyst that allows the leader to overcome inertia and produce organizational change. Great leaders emerge in different industries in different nations, in part because national circumstances attract and encourage them In many industries, the national environment provides one or two nations with a distinct advantage over their foreign competitors. Leadership often determines which particular firm or firms exploit this advantage. The ability of any firm to innovate has much to do with the environment to which it is exposed. Seeking safe havens and comfortable customer relationship only reinforces past behavior. Innovation grows out of pressure and challenge. It also comes from finding the right challenges to meet. The main role of the firm’s leader is to create the environment that meets these conditions. 8. The new rules for innovation, a company should actively seek out pr essure and challenge not try to avoid them. Part of the task is to take advantage of the home nation in order to create the impetus for innovation. Some of the ways of doing so are: seel to the most sophisticated and demanding buyers and channels seek out the buyers with the most difficult needs, establish norms of exceeding the toughest regulatory hurdles of product standards, treat employees as permanent, and establish outstanding competitors as motivators. 9. The true costs of stability. Such a search for a quiet life, and understandable instinct, has led many companies to buy direct competitors or from alliances with them, in a closed, static world, monopoly would indeed be the most comfortable and profitable solution. In reality competition is dynamic. Good managers always run a little scared, they respect and study competitors. Seeking out and meeting challenges is part of their organizational norm. A firm need not exclusively serve demanding buyers nor should it compete head on with any rival. The aim in seeking pressure and challenge is to create the conditions in which competitive advantage can be preserved. In global competition, the pressures of demanding local buyers, capable suppliers, and aggressive domestic rivalry are even more valuable and necessary for long-term profitability. These drive the firm to a faster rate of progress and upgrading than international rivals, and lead to sustained competitive advantage and superior long-term profitability. A tough domestic industry structure creates advantage in the international industry. A comfortable, easy home base, in contrast, leaves a firm vulnerable to rivals who enjoy greater dynamism at home. If a firm lacks the pressures for improvement and innovation, it must create them 10. Perceiving industry change. One of the most important advantages an industry can have is early insight into important needs, environmental forces and trends that others have not noticed. Firms gain competitive position before rivals perceive an opportunity and are able to respond. Identify and serve buyers with the most anticipatory needs. Some buyers will confront new problems or have new needs before others, because of their demographics, location, industry, or strategy. Buyer with anticipatory needs should be identified, designated as priorities and cultivated. Discover and highlight trends in factor costs. Increases in the costs of particular factor or other inputs may signal future opportunities to leapfrog competitors by innovating to deploy inputs more effectively or to avoid the need for them altogether. Maintain ongoing relationship with centers of research and sources of the most talented people. Identify the places in the nation where the best new knowledge is being created that is now or might become relevant to its industry. Identify school, companies, institutions where the best specialized human resources needed in the industry are being trained. Invest time and money. Study all com petitors, especially the new and unconventional ones. A firm should designate the most forward-looking or unconventional competitors for particular study, including foreign competitors who may enjoy the benefits of a very different home base. Learn from competitors as to develop strategies to counter them. Bring some outsiders into the management team. Managers from other companies or industries or from the company’s foreign subsidiaries. Benefit the innovation process. 11. International within the national cluster. Firm gains competitive advantage from the presence in its home nation of world-class buyers, suppliers and related industries. Have a strong cluster at home unblocks the flows of information and allows deeper and more open contract than in possible when dealing with foreign firms. Buyers, channels and suppliers. Recognizing that home-based buyers and suppliers are allies in international competition, a firm must persuade: regular senior management contact, formal and ongoing interchange between research organizations, reciprocity in serving as test sites for new products or services and cooperation in penetrating and serving international markets. Related industries. Industries those are related or potentially related in terms of technology, channels, buyers, or the way buyers obtain or use products, are potentially important to creating and staining competitive advantage. Locating within the nation. A firm should locate activities and its headquarters at those locations in the nation where there are concentrations of sophisticated buyers, important suppliers, groups of competitors, or especially significant factor-creating mechanisms for its industry. Geographic proximity makes the relationship within a cluster closer and more fluid. 12. Serving home base buyers who are international and multinational. Identify and serve buyers at home that it can also serve abroad. 13. Improving the national competitive environment. 14. Diversification. Pa rt of company strategy in virtually every nation. Acquisitions were involved in international success stories, the acquisitions were often modest or focused ones that served as an initial entry point or reinforced an internal entry. Theory for diversification strategy are as follow: 1. New industries for diversification should be selected where a favorable national â€Å"diamond† is present or can be created. Diversification proposals should be screened for the attractiveness of the home base. 2. Diversification is most likely to succeed when it follows or extends clusters in which the firm already competes. . Internal development of new businesses, supplemented by small acquisitions, is more likely to create and sustain competitive advantage than the acquisition of large, established companies. 4. Diversification into businesses, lacking common buyers, channels, suppliers or close technological connections is not only likely to fail but will also undermine the prospects for sustaining advantage in the core businesses. 15. To sustain competitive advantage in global industries, a firm must sell to all significant country markets. Identifying such buyers in other nations will help a firm understand the most stimulate rapid progress in products and services. 16. A firm must be willing to source products or equipment from foreign firms if they are superior. Also work to upgrade local suppliers. Loyalty to domestic suppliers, for its own sake, is ultimately self-defeating. The best form for this is to confront them in no uncertain terms with the need to match their foreign competitors in quality and productivity in order to retain the business. A firm aspiring to competitive advantage must be aware of, and ideally have some access to, all the important scientific work going on in the world that is related to its industry. 17. A firm must be the best rivals in the marketplace in order to sustain and upgrade its advantage. Must find a way to gain advantage ove r the best rivals in order to assure its market position. Meet rivals in all the important markets is to deny them profits in safe markets that can be used to cross-subsidize low profits in contested markets. 18. Choose a location that will expose the firm to significant needs and pressures lacking at home. The purpose is to learn as well as raise the odds that information passes credibly back to the home base. 19. Foreign acquisitions can serve for: gain access to a foreign market or to selective skills and to gain a highly favorable national diamond. 20. Alliances or coalitions are final mechanism by which firm can seek to tap national advantages in other nations. Alliances take form as joint ventures, licenses, sales agreements and supply agreements. Alliances are a tempting solution to the dilemma of a firm seeking the home-base advantages of another nation without giving up its own (are rarely a solution). 21. Real leaders believe in change. Energize their organizations to meet competitive challenges. Find ways of overcoming the filters that limit information and prevent innovation. Have a broad view of competition in which their national environment is integral to competitive success. Work hard to improve that environment and to encourage appropriate government policies. 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